Upanishads

The teaching of Upanishads was considered a mystery to prevent it from being misapplied. Etymology of the word is Up-Nearby, ni-devoted manner, sad- to sit, meaning a rahasya (secret) is conveyed by sitting devotedly near a guru. These teachings are not meant to be imparted to those who are not sufficiently mature or are incapable of cherishing their value.

Upanishads form the last part of Vedas and hence are called Vedanta – end of Vedas, also meaning the significance of Vedic teaching. Upanishads gave a philosophical insight into the world we live in and is viewed as the fountainhead of Indian Philosophy. There are sutras to explain various upanishads but the sutras further need bhasyas for explanation. These are written in the form of dialogues that are more poetic than philosophical. Metaphors & allergories are used in these texts hence need to be expanded upon by a master. There are many interpretations of upanishads and many ideas are explored, few of which are listed below.

Atman & Brahman

Atman means individual consciousness and Brahman means universal consciousness, both together forming the ultimate reality. Upanishads claimed that both of these fuse together with no difference between the two. Reality beyond, also exists within.

Prajnanam Brahma – “The Brahman means realising the jnana that is the highest.”. This mahakavya is in Aitreya Upanishad of Rigveda.

Aham Brahmasmi – “I am the Brahman” This mahakavya belongs to Brhadaranyaka Upanishad of Yajurveda.

Tat Tvam asi – “That thou art” ie. “Paramatman and you are one and the same.” This is from Chandogya Upanishad of Samaveda.

Ayam Atma Brahma – “”This Self is the Brahman” This mahakavya is from Mandukya Upanishad of the Atharvaveda